Question 1:
A) Frederick W Taylor:
Frederick W. TAYLOR was an American mechanical engineer who engaged in efficiency of the industry.he was born in 1856 to a rich family in Philadelphia. After the graduation from Stevens Institute of Technology he eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.
Taylor believed that the industrial management of his day was amateur, that management could be formulated as an academic discipline, and that the best results would come from the partnership between a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce.
Taylor improved this reflections with creating four principles(Taylor’s principle)which are also known as taylorism.this four principle which constitute taylors scientific management as below:
1 The development of a science for each element of a man's work to replace the old rule-of-thumb methods.
2 The scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they could.
3 The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work would be carried out in accordance with scientifically devised procedures.
4 The division of work between workers and the management in almost equal shares, each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted instead of the former condition in which responsibility largely rested with the workers. Self-evident in this philosophy are organizations arranged in a hierarchy, systems of abstract rules and impersonal relationships between staff.
This discipline, along with the industrial psychology established by others at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electic in the 1920s, moved management theory from early time-and-motion studies to the latest total quality control ideas.
Taylor is the very important person who provide passing from trade union to contemporary and improvable industry with scientific methods.Thanks to Taylor we deal with the his methods to improve industrial efficiency.
http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/335/
http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/2116/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
2)Henry Fayol:
Henri Fayol was an French engineer and management theorist who was born in Istanbul. He worked as a mine engineer through out his life in mines in French, and during his working life, he developed some basic management principles, which would become the fundamentals of scientific management later. For him, there are five primary principles of management;.five primary functions of management: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) commanding, (4) coordinating, and (5) controlling.
He lived in the same life period with F. Winslow Taylor who is accepted as “the father of modern management”. Therefore, Taylor’s and Fayol’s ideas are usually compared as they both worked on “scientific management issue, but in different aspects.” The sharpest difference between these two scientists is that, while Taylor viewed management processes from the bottom up, Henri Fayol viewed it from the top down. That is to say, Taylor apply his ideas firstly from workers and then to administrators while Fayol sees the first step as directors.
In 1987 Irwin Gray edited and published a revised version of Fayol’s classics.Gray retained the 14 points shown below.
1. Specialization of labour. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods.
2. Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. The workers should be obedient and respectful of the organization.
4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9. Chain of Superiors (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. It's a great source of strength in the organisation. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoided.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol
www.1bilen.com/wiki/index.php?title=Henri_Fayol
3)Abraham Maslow:
Maslow was born in Brooklyn, the eldest of seven children. His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia. He was smart but shy, and remembered his childhood as lonely and rather unhappy, because, as he said, "I was the little Jewish boy in the non-Jewish neighborhood. It was a little like being the first Negro enrolled in the all-white school. I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends."[1] In later life he was a confirmed atheist.
Maslow believed there could be a scientific value system, a scientific system of ethics, "a court of untimate appeal for the determination of good and bad, of right and wrong.He says that everything we do which goes against this natural value system, whether it is against the development of our own potential or agains the group, somehow "registers" within us. He mentions the old word "accidie" which meant to fail to do with your life what you know you could do.Maslow says that each age has its model. He says perhaps one day the ideal person will be a self-actualizing person whose inner nature expresses itself freely. He then talks about what kind of a culture might help produce such people.
He says just as "sick people are made by a sick culture, healthy people are made possible by a healthy culture. He adds that sick people also make their culture even more sick and healthy people make theirs more healthy.
Maslow strongly questions the concept of adjustment. He says
Clearly, what will be called personality problems depends on who is doing the calling. The slave owner? The dictator? The patriarchal father?... It seems quite clear that personality problems may be loud protests against the crushing of psychological bones, of one's true inner nature.What is sick then is not to protest while this crime is being committed.
Then Maslow says that his impression is that most people do not protest, but instead suffer the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms years later. Or they might live their whole lives never realizing that they have missed true happiness, true fulfillment of promise, a rich emotional life, and a serene, fruitful old age, that they have never known how wonderful it is to be creative, to react aesthetically, to find life thrilling.
Then he says that grief and pain and other negative emotions are sometimes necessary for growth. He says without successfuly overcoming such feelings, one doesn't develop the confidence that one can overcome them. He says that "not allowing people to go through their pain, and protecting them from it, implies a certain lack of respect for the integrity and intrinsic nature of the individual and his future development.
http://eqi.org/maslow.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
http://www.psikolojikdanisma.net/maslow_kim.htm
http://www.hackhell.com/archive/index.php/t-18690.html
4) Max Weber:
Max weber was a German political economist and sociologist who was one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration.
In the book,The protestant ethnic and the spirit of capitalizm(1905),he concluded that "capitalist accumulation" was born from protestant ethnic.He compared protestant and catholic and showed that Protestant save more money and have higher productivity.in contrast,Catholic was less productive but spent more.
Weber defined bureaucracies as goal oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals (Verstehen).
His main thesis -Verstehen doctrine- is that social,economic and historical research can enver be fully inductive or descriptive.One must approach it with a conceptual apparatus which is identified as " ideal type".There are 4 categories of "ideal type".
1) zweckrational (rational means to rational ends),
2)wertrational (rational means to irrational ends),
3)affektual (guided by emotion)
4)traditional (guided by custom or habit).
Weber also discussed authority.He used ideal types and explain this in terms of traditional authority (pre-modern), rational-legal authority (modern), and charismatic.
Max Weber said that sociology is a science that is concerned with a social action and the course and consequences of the action. He had a large influence on many of the ideas that are used in sociology today.
http://www.6sociologists.20m.com//weber.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
http://zoo.parkingspa.com/nmssad.htm
5) Gilbreths:
Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth were one of the great husband-and-wife engineering teams of science.They developed the method of time-and-motion study.This technique aimed to improve the workers efficiency and their outputs in the workplace
Frank Gilbreth developed brick-laying system in the construction trade. He observed that every workers developed their own ways to work that no two of them used the same methods.These observations led him to seek one best way to perform tasks.
Even though the Gilbreths' work is associated with that of Taylor, there was a important philosophical difference between the Gilbreths and Taylor. The symbol of Taylorism was the stopwatch, and taylor was primarily concerned with reducing the time of processes. The Gilbreths deal with the to find methods which make processes more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They saw their approach as more concerned with workers' welfare than was Taylorism, which workers often perceived as primarily concerned with profit.
Gilbreth reduced the necessary hand motions into 18 basic combinations which was named "therbligs".Therblig means some set of fundamental motions to perform a required task and it contains;
Search
Find,
Select,
Grasp,
HoldPosition,
Assemble,
UseDisassemble,
Inspect,
Transport loaded,
transport unloaded,
Pre-position for next operation,
Release load,
Unavoidable delay,
Avoidable delay,
Plan ,
Rest to overcome fatigue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth#See_also
http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/2117/
MY PREFERENCE
If I were the one of these people I would prefer the Abraham maslow.because his point of wiev is very different.when I see the pyramid of the maslow’s hierarchy of the needs I am very impressed.he shows the needs of the people in this pyramid very effectively.I think this approach can be applied very common area in life namely,education,business,music, psychology,the area of research etc.In factmaslow’s this teory is applying the modern psychology now.Also the other reason which I prefer maslow is that he is very humanistic.Instead of Taylor ,maslow think that workers are not the same as machinery which can only be motivated with Money.Workers are people.then their motivation and necessities are not very simple as machinery.I also agree with this idea of maslow.I think maslow is the very different people who mark a new apoch in industrial engineering system.
Question 2:
A)Beginning and origins of the engineering and its education :
Engineering is the discipline of appliying scientific methodology.engineering uses physical resources and natural laws to design meterials,structures,machines,systems etc. The word engineer has its roots in the Latin word ingeniare, which means to devise in the sense of construct, or craftsmanship. Several other words are related to ingeniare, including ingenuity.
The history of Engineering started at the earlist time that humans began to make some inventions which were necessary to make life easier such as the pulley, lever and wheel. In addition, the history of engineering is divided into four step according to revolution :
1) Pre-Scientific Revolution : The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci.
2)Industrial Revolution : From 18th to 19th century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from
practical artists to scientific professionals.
3)Second Industrial Revolution : In the century before World War II, chemical, electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity, telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production.
4)Information Revolution : As engineering science matured after the war, microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced information technology.
The first engineers were military engineers, employed by the government, who concerned themselves with subjects such as roads, bridges, and fortifications. The first schools of engineering were founded in France in the middle of the 18th Century. By the turn of the Century, France had established military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering that produced such notables as Laplace, Lagrange, and Fourier.
The first school that offered engineering education in America was the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, beginning in 1802. The first school - which still exists today - that taught civil engineering is the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, which awarded the first engineering degree in 1835. By the end of the 1800s, multiple programs in engineering existed at a number of universities nationwide.
http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#Main_Branches_of_Engineering
B)Engineering as a profession:
Engineering is considered as a profession in which deals with providing a profit for people and industries.To provide this ,Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status quo.Engineers are concerned with creating devices,systems and structure for human use.Engineers usually create machines ,services, devices with team work not likely the other proffesionals.Although some of the types of engineers were used in ancient times , engineering is a younger profession relative to the others.The engineer’s knowledge comes not only from study, but also from experience and practice. This knowledge must be applied with discretion and judgment.It has a group consciousness for the promotion of knowledge and proffesional ideals and for rendering social services.
C)Types of the engineering:
The primary types of engineering are chemical, civil, electrical, industrial,aeronautical and mechanical.
Chemical engineering. deals with the design, construction, and operation of plants and machinery for making such products as acids, dyes, drugs, plastics, and synthetic rubber by adapting the chemical reactions discovered by the laboratory chemist to large-scale production. The chemical engineer must be familiar with both chemistry and mechanical engineering.
Civil engineering. includes the planning, designing, construction, and maintenance of structures and altering geography to suit human needs. Some of the numerous subdivisions are transportation (e.g., railroad facilities and highways); hydraulics (e.g., river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply, and sewage disposal); and structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, and tunnels).
Electrical engineering. encompasses all aspects of electricity from power engineering, the development of the devices for the generation and transmission of electrical power, to electronics. Electronics is a branch of electrical engineering that deals with devices that use electricity for control of processes. Subspecialties of electronics include computer engineering, microwave engineering, communications, and digital signal processing. It is the engineering specialty that has grown the most in recent decades.
Industrial engineering,. or management engineering, is concerned with efficient production. The industrial engineer designs methods, not machinery. Jobs include plant layout, analysis and planning of workers' jobs, economical handling of raw materials, their flow through the production process, and the efficient control of the inventory of finished products.
Mechanical engineering. is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move. One common way of dividing mechanical engineering is into heat utilization and machine design. The generation, distribution, and use of heat is applied in boilers, heat engines, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Machine design is concerned with hardware, including that making use of heat processes.
Aeronautical engineering is applied in the designing of aircraft and missiles and in directing the technical phases of their manufacture and operation. Mineral engineering includes mining, metallurgical, and petroleum engineering, which are concerned with extracting minerals from the ground and converting them to pure forms. Other important branches of engineering are agricultural engineering, engineering physics, geological engineering, naval architecture and marine engineering, and nuclear engineering.
Also other engineering types as follow:
Agriculture Engineering:Agricultural engineering involves the application of engineering principles,machines,materials and energy to the production and processing of agricultural products.
Biomedical Engineering:Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field.
Environmental Engineering:Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment to provide healthy water,air and land for human habitation and for other organisms.
The important role among this engineering types belongs to ındustrial engineering.Industrial Engineering include most of the topics in other engineering branches and has the broadest of in all.Without an industrial engineering the production can't be really efficient.Because An ındustrial engineer arrange the environment,workers,businessman,and other engineers in any Project.To minimize cost and also maximize profit is the main subject of the ındustrial engineer.also he increases the efficiency of the Project by thinking all of the factors which may be affect it.then the final situation will became perfect optimal solution to the problems by engaging a ındustrial engineer.
www.engineeringfullyloaded.org.au/as_a_career/types_of_engineering
www.engr.uiuc.edu/outreach/Ingenious/index.php?id=types
D)What engineers do?
Engineers are problem solvers. They are concerned with using available technology to solve these problems. They rely strongly on their creativity and academic skills. They use mathematics, science, and computers to model real life situations and solve problems. Some engineers may design cardiac pacemakers while others may design skyscrapers or computer programs, but they might all be using the same computing environments and mathematical methods! It is very important to note that even though the tasks are very different, many of the methods used are common to all engineers.
In most projects, engineers work in teams. Many are as small as only two or three people. However, in a big company that designs computer chips or aircraft, such a team could have hundreds of people working on a single problem. Teams usually include people who aren't engineers, like scientists and technicians. Engineers are responsible for communicating, understanding, planning, creating, and testing. The leader of an engineering team has to make sure that all of these things are done right.
YASİN KARABACAK
ID:1498815
