YASİN KARABACAK

MIDTERM 2

2008-05-30T07:25:00.000-07:00

1) What is a “problem”?

A problem is a barrier or difficulty.it complicate to achieve a desired goal, objective or purpose. It refers to a thing which is unresolved.In general a problem occur when someone becomes aware of a significant difference between what actually is and what is desired.

2) What does “method” mean?

The method is a procedure or techniquie which make easy to solve a
pothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible explanation for a particular situation or condition, but which has not yet been proved to be correct. Work will begin to test the hypothesis in theory.Also it can be said that hypothesis which do under some supposition tests whether a theory is true or not.

3) What does “paradigm” mean?

The paradigm is a clear or typical example or pattern.A philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific discipline within which theories ,generalizations and the experiments executed in support of them are formulated,

4) What is “strategy”?

Strategy is a path which is followed to achieve a desired goal.It is the art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or achieve success.it determines what will make in a certain period.

What is “plan”?

Plan of something that is going to be built or made is a detailed diagram or drawing of it. Plan is a design of the work which explains how it will be, when it will occur.

What is “control”?

The control is checking, testing or verifying by evidence or experiments. Another meaning of "control" is to exercise restraing or directing influence.

5) What is “model”?

A model of an object is a physical representation that shows what it looks like or how it works. The model is often smaller than the object it represents. A model helps people to understand the essence of it without having to deal with complexities.

What is “snowball effect”?

Snowball effect is a an expression which describes a situation that a process that starts from a little initial point, and then becomes larger and larger. Hence its effect becomes larger, and the boundaries of the ares it affects enlarge.it is similar with the butterfly effect.

What is “waterfall diagram”?

Waterfall diagrams demonstrate the flow of steps in a progressive nature. It has phases which show the development of process, and each phase has a different goal.In the waterfall diagram can not be passed a the next step before the previous one complete..thus there is no turning back in the waterfall diagram.a single track flow ocur in these diagrams.A general waterfall diagram as following.

6) What does “validation/validity” mean?

Validation is analysing and testing the integrated system, checking that the verification process is complete and showing that tools are suitable for purpose. The validity of something such as a result or a piece of information is whether it can be trusted or believed. Some people, of course, denied the validity of any such claim.In logic, the property of an argument consisting in the fact that the truth of the premises logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion. Whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

What does “significance” mean?

The significance of something is the importance that it has, usually because it will have an effect on a situation or shows something about a situation.it is the quality of having importance or being regarded as having great meaning.

What does “reliability” mean?

In general,if a system or a person maintains its function in every condition,even in unexpected circumstances, the system or the person is called reliable, and reliability is the ability of being reliable.

What does “relevance/relevant” mean?

The relationship between expected result and existed effect, measured either quantitatively or qualitatively.

7) What is an “event”?

Event,generally, is something that happens at a given place and a time.

What is a “process”?

A process is a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result. There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible The best way to proceed is by a process of elimination.

What is a “life cycle”?

life cycle is time of an ongoing process that begins, continues and ends.A life cycle may belongs to a living organism or a process or a plan or astate etc.

8) What does “iterative” mean?

Iteration is an repetition of process.Iterative is act of loop. Iterative processes are used in programming of a system, it doesn't have to related with computer systems, it can be also used in ordinary jobs. iterative systems stops until target result is obtained.For example in operational research we make iterations to achieve optimal solution which belongs to a problem that is given.

What does “sequential” mean?

Sequential means the parts of a project in a ordered way and related to each other, ordered according to this relevance.

YASİN KARABACAK
1498815

Business Plan Part 2: Cost Analysis

2008-04-15T09:28:00.000-07:00

Our company’s costs can be classified in two categories. One is direct cost, the other is indirect cost . Direct costs can be described as money given to raw materials, which are neeeded for poster display’s construction. Indirect costs are money given to the employees, to the rent, to the electricity etc.

Firstly, let’s consider the expenses and revenues for only one poster-display:

Expenses:

PVC: We are going to buy the S 65-R68 Polyvinylchlorur (PVC) from the “Petkim petrokimya” company. They sell one kilogram of raw PVC for 1.5 € which is equal to 3,12 YTL.

We have to use PVC for the parts of our poster display as above:

a) Feet: Its dimensions are 60*50*1 and volume is 300 cm3 for one. This means that 1,4*300*2=840 grams PVC is needed.
It costs 0,84*3,12=2,62 ytl

b) Legs: their dimensions are 200*2*2=800cm3. This means that legs require 800*2*1,4=2240 gram of PVC:
It’s cost is 2,24*3,12=7 ytl.

c) Turning bars: Ready made turning bars will be bought. Its cost for one bar is 3 ytl, that is totally 6ytl for two.

d) Body: The body also will be made of fully PVC. Its dimensions are 100*80*1=8000 cm3. Since it has cavity, we will need only 5000 cm3 of PVC approximately. Then its cost is 5*1,4*3,12=21 ytl.

e) Glass: this will be bought from the “2N cam teknolojileri and yapı sistemleri” company which is situated in the Sasmaz in Ankara. The unit price for the 5mm glass is 8,46 ytl/m2. Our glass requirement is 80*100=800 cm2, that is 0,8 m2. It costs 6,8 ytl.

f) The drawer: This will be made of thick cardboard which is covered with red fabric: our requirement is 100*80=800 cm2 of thick cardboard and of red fabric.

-Thick cardboard will be bought from “Ankara ambalaj” which is situated in Ivedik/Ankara. Its unit price is 1,1 ytl/m2. Our requirement is 0,8 m2 that is 0,9 ytl.

-Red fabric will be bought from “aypa kumaş” in Siteler/ Ankara. Its unit price is 2,1 ytl/m2 and our requirement is 0,8 m2. Then, its cost is 1,68 ytl.

In summary, our total material expense for only one poster-display is 46ytl approximately.

Secondly we analyze the indirect costs:

a)Employees in our company

-20 workers in manufacturing process
A worker’s salary will be 600 ytl montly.

-2 skilled workmen (PVC) in production of poster display parts.

A skilled workmen’s salary will be 1000 ytl.

-1 industrial engineer:
His salary is 1500 ytl

-1 administrator:
His salary is 2500 ytl.

b) Rent expense: it will be 5000 ytl per month.

c) Other dues (electricity, water, work security etc): they will cost 2000 ytl monthly.

c) Beginning cost:
it will be approximately 80000 ytl. This will be paid by owners.

d)advertisement cost:we agree with the özgür radio which is broadcasted in ankara.it will be approximately 1300 ytl.
In conclusion:

We are planning to produce 35 poster-displays in a day. This means that 20*35=700 poster displays/1 month will be produced.

Our total monthly expense is 46*700+5000+2000+2500+1500+1000*2+600*20=57200 ytl.

Also we are planning to sell one poster display for 95 ytl.

Our monthly revenue from sales is 700*=66500 ytl.

-This means that our monthly net profit is 8000 ytl approximately.

Also we can say that break even time for our comapny is 80000/8000=10 months approximately.

``Group 23 company`` Business Plan part 1

2008-04-01T11:57:00.000-07:00

Introducing the company

The establishers of Group 23 company are 3 students of METU Industrial Engineering department: Umut Altin, Yashar Ahmadov and Yasin Karabacak. The company was established on 15th of March, 2008. Our headquarter is located at: Demirlibahce, Uzgorenler str. 30/4 Ankara.

Mission:

Our primary concern is to establish financial success. Then, we expect to be consistent and stable in the business. Therefore, we target stable development and steady growth. We believe in our success, because we have many innovative ideas in this field. The main difference of our products will be that they will be eco-friendly and we will provide employment opportunities for physically-handicapped people.

Development and Status:

The founders of Group 23 company are Umut Altin, Yashar Ahmadov and Yasin Karabacak. The president of the firm is Yasin Karabacak and vice-presidents are Umut Altin and Yashar Ahmadov. Mr. Karabacak holds 40 % of the company`s shares. The remaining part is distributed evenly among Dr. Ahmadov and Mr. Altin. Company places a high value on R&D. For this purpose, 5% is granted. In addition to the head office in Dikimevi, the company has hired a workshop in Sincan Industrial district. Temporarily, we are using the ground-floor of the main office as showroom. The company is searching for an appropriate showroom somewhere in the center of Ankara.

Future plans:

For the next 12 months we are planning to buy a new workshop in Ostim District. If everything will go as planned, the company aims to expand the network of the workshops. For the next 5 years, the plan is to buy new objects outside Ankara.

Analysis of the industry:

The poster-display industry customers need eco-friendly products. In order to be successful in this industry, the company must produce eco-friendly and recyclable products.

Products and services:

The only product is poster-display. The products will be produced at the workshop in Sincan. Another thing that the company will do, is to distribute the products among the customers. Target market is mainly composed of schools, art galleries, offices etc. We will attract customers through our showrooms.

Competition:

We entered the industry with innovative features, however there are 22 other companies planning to enter the same industry with innovative ideas. This creates highly competitive business environment. But we are not afraid of this competition. Our difference will be that we will produce high quality and ergonomic products.

Management and organization:

Yasin Karabacak is the president of the enterprise. He is the ultimate decision maker. Yashar Ahmadov is responsible for sales and Umut Altin is the head of the purchasing department. Umut Yildiz is the design advisor of the company. Currently we are searching for experienced foreman.

Yasin Karabacak
Umut Altın
Yashar ahmadov

MİDTERM 1

2008-03-30T09:48:00.000-07:00

Question 1:

A) Frederick W Taylor:
Frederick W. TAYLOR was an American mechanical engineer who engaged in efficiency of the industry.he was born in 1856 to a rich family in Philadelphia. After the graduation from Stevens Institute of Technology he eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.

Taylor believed that the industrial management of his day was amateur, that management could be formulated as an academic discipline, and that the best results would come from the partnership between a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce.

Taylor improved this reflections with creating four principles(Taylor’s principle)which are also known as taylorism.this four principle which constitute taylors scientific management as below:

1 The development of a science for each element of a man's work to replace the old rule-of-thumb methods.
2 The scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they could.
3 The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work would be carried out in accordance with scientifically devised procedures.
4 The division of work between workers and the management in almost equal shares, each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted instead of the former condition in which responsibility largely rested with the workers. Self-evident in this philosophy are organizations arranged in a hierarchy, systems of abstract rules and impersonal relationships between staff.

This discipline, along with the industrial psychology established by others at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electic in the 1920s, moved management theory from early time-and-motion studies to the latest total quality control ideas.

Taylor is the very important person who provide passing from trade union to contemporary and improvable industry with scientific methods.Thanks to Taylor we deal with the his methods to improve industrial efficiency.

http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/335/

http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/2116/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

2)Henry Fayol:
Henri Fayol was an French engineer and management theorist who was born in Istanbul. He worked as a mine engineer through out his life in mines in French, and during his working life, he developed some basic management principles, which would become the fundamentals of scientific management later. For him, there are five primary principles of management;.five primary functions of management: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) commanding, (4) coordinating, and (5) controlling.

He lived in the same life period with F. Winslow Taylor who is accepted as “the father of modern management”. Therefore, Taylor’s and Fayol’s ideas are usually compared as they both worked on “scientific management issue, but in different aspects.” The sharpest difference between these two scientists is that, while Taylor viewed management processes from the bottom up, Henri Fayol viewed it from the top down. That is to say, Taylor apply his ideas firstly from workers and then to administrators while Fayol sees the first step as directors.
In 1987 Irwin Gray edited and published a revised version of Fayol’s classics.Gray retained the 14 points shown below.
1. Specialization of labour. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods.
2. Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. The workers should be obedient and respectful of the organization.
4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9. Chain of Superiors (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. It's a great source of strength in the organisation. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoided.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

www.1bilen.com/wiki/index.php?title=Henri_Fayol

3)Abraham Maslow:
Maslow was born in Brooklyn, the eldest of seven children. His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia. He was smart but shy, and remembered his childhood as lonely and rather unhappy, because, as he said, "I was the little Jewish boy in the non-Jewish neighborhood. It was a little like being the first Negro enrolled in the all-white school. I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends."[1] In later life he was a confirmed atheist.

Maslow believed there could be a scientific value system, a scientific system of ethics, "a court of untimate appeal for the determination of good and bad, of right and wrong.He says that everything we do which goes against this natural value system, whether it is against the development of our own potential or agains the group, somehow "registers" within us. He mentions the old word "accidie" which meant to fail to do with your life what you know you could do.Maslow says that each age has its model. He says perhaps one day the ideal person will be a self-actualizing person whose inner nature expresses itself freely. He then talks about what kind of a culture might help produce such people.

He says just as "sick people are made by a sick culture, healthy people are made possible by a healthy culture. He adds that sick people also make their culture even more sick and healthy people make theirs more healthy.
Maslow strongly questions the concept of adjustment. He says
Clearly, what will be called personality problems depends on who is doing the calling. The slave owner? The dictator? The patriarchal father?... It seems quite clear that personality problems may be loud protests against the crushing of psychological bones, of one's true inner nature.What is sick then is not to protest while this crime is being committed.
Then Maslow says that his impression is that most people do not protest, but instead suffer the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms years later. Or they might live their whole lives never realizing that they have missed true happiness, true fulfillment of promise, a rich emotional life, and a serene, fruitful old age, that they have never known how wonderful it is to be creative, to react aesthetically, to find life thrilling.

Then he says that grief and pain and other negative emotions are sometimes necessary for growth. He says without successfuly overcoming such feelings, one doesn't develop the confidence that one can overcome them. He says that "not allowing people to go through their pain, and protecting them from it, implies a certain lack of respect for the integrity and intrinsic nature of the individual and his future development.

http://eqi.org/maslow.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
http://www.psikolojikdanisma.net/maslow_kim.htm
http://www.hackhell.com/archive/index.php/t-18690.html

4) Max Weber:
Max weber was a German political economist and sociologist who was one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration.
In the book,The protestant ethnic and the spirit of capitalizm(1905),he concluded that "capitalist accumulation" was born from protestant ethnic.He compared protestant and catholic and showed that Protestant save more money and have higher productivity.in contrast,Catholic was less productive but spent more.

Weber defined bureaucracies as goal oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals (Verstehen).

His main thesis -Verstehen doctrine- is that social,economic and historical research can enver be fully inductive or descriptive.One must approach it with a conceptual apparatus which is identified as " ideal type".There are 4 categories of "ideal type".
1) zweckrational (rational means to rational ends),
2)wertrational (rational means to irrational ends),
3)affektual (guided by emotion)
4)traditional (guided by custom or habit).

Weber also discussed authority.He used ideal types and explain this in terms of traditional authority (pre-modern), rational-legal authority (modern), and charismatic.
Max Weber said that sociology is a science that is concerned with a social action and the course and consequences of the action. He had a large influence on many of the ideas that are used in sociology today.

http://www.6sociologists.20m.com//weber.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
http://zoo.parkingspa.com/nmssad.htm

5) Gilbreths:
Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth were one of the great husband-and-wife engineering teams of science.They developed the method of time-and-motion study.This technique aimed to improve the workers efficiency and their outputs in the workplace
Frank Gilbreth developed brick-laying system in the construction trade. He observed that every workers developed their own ways to work that no two of them used the same methods.These observations led him to seek one best way to perform tasks.

Even though the Gilbreths' work is associated with that of Taylor, there was a important philosophical difference between the Gilbreths and Taylor. The symbol of Taylorism was the stopwatch, and taylor was primarily concerned with reducing the time of processes. The Gilbreths deal with the to find methods which make processes more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They saw their approach as more concerned with workers' welfare than was Taylorism, which workers often perceived as primarily concerned with profit.

Gilbreth reduced the necessary hand motions into 18 basic combinations which was named "therbligs".Therblig means some set of fundamental motions to perform a required task and it contains;

Search
Find,
Select,
Grasp,
HoldPosition,
Assemble,
UseDisassemble,
Inspect,
Transport loaded,
transport unloaded,
Pre-position for next operation,
Release load,
Unavoidable delay,
Avoidable delay,
Plan ,
Rest to overcome fatigue.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth#See_also

http://www.index.gen.tr/entry/2117/

MY PREFERENCE
If I were the one of these people I would prefer the Abraham maslow.because his point of wiev is very different.when I see the pyramid of the maslow’s hierarchy of the needs I am very impressed.he shows the needs of the people in this pyramid very effectively.I think this approach can be applied very common area in life namely,education,business,music, psychology,the area of research etc.In factmaslow’s this teory is applying the modern psychology now.Also the other reason which I prefer maslow is that he is very humanistic.Instead of Taylor ,maslow think that workers are not the same as machinery which can only be motivated with Money.Workers are people.then their motivation and necessities are not very simple as machinery.I also agree with this idea of maslow.I think maslow is the very different people who mark a new apoch in industrial engineering system.

Question 2:

A)Beginning and origins of the engineering and its education :

Engineering is the discipline of appliying scientific methodology.engineering uses physical resources and natural laws to design meterials,structures,machines,systems etc. The word engineer has its roots in the Latin word ingeniare, which means to devise in the sense of construct, or craftsmanship. Several other words are related to ingeniare, including ingenuity.
The history of Engineering started at the earlist time that humans began to make some inventions which were necessary to make life easier such as the pulley, lever and wheel. In addition, the history of engineering is divided into four step according to revolution :

1) Pre-Scientific Revolution : The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci.

2)Industrial Revolution : From 18th to 19th century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from
practical artists to scientific professionals.

3)Second Industrial Revolution : In the century before World War II, chemical, electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity, telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production.

4)Information Revolution : As engineering science matured after the war, microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced information technology.

The first engineers were military engineers, employed by the government, who concerned themselves with subjects such as roads, bridges, and fortifications. The first schools of engineering were founded in France in the middle of the 18th Century. By the turn of the Century, France had established military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering that produced such notables as Laplace, Lagrange, and Fourier.

The first school that offered engineering education in America was the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, beginning in 1802. The first school - which still exists today - that taught civil engineering is the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, which awarded the first engineering degree in 1835. By the end of the 1800s, multiple programs in engineering existed at a number of universities nationwide.

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm

http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#Main_Branches_of_Engineering

B)Engineering as a profession:

Engineering is considered as a profession in which deals with providing a profit for people and industries.To provide this ,Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status quo.Engineers are concerned with creating devices,systems and structure for human use.Engineers usually create machines ,services, devices with team work not likely the other proffesionals.Although some of the types of engineers were used in ancient times , engineering is a younger profession relative to the others.The engineer’s knowledge comes not only from study, but also from experience and practice. This knowledge must be applied with discretion and judgment.It has a group consciousness for the promotion of knowledge and proffesional ideals and for rendering social services.

C)Types of the engineering:

The primary types of engineering are chemical, civil, electrical, industrial,aeronautical and mechanical.

Chemical engineering. deals with the design, construction, and operation of plants and machinery for making such products as acids, dyes, drugs, plastics, and synthetic rubber by adapting the chemical reactions discovered by the laboratory chemist to large-scale production. The chemical engineer must be familiar with both chemistry and mechanical engineering.

Civil engineering. includes the planning, designing, construction, and maintenance of structures and altering geography to suit human needs. Some of the numerous subdivisions are transportation (e.g., railroad facilities and highways); hydraulics (e.g., river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply, and sewage disposal); and structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, and tunnels).

Electrical engineering. encompasses all aspects of electricity from power engineering, the development of the devices for the generation and transmission of electrical power, to electronics. Electronics is a branch of electrical engineering that deals with devices that use electricity for control of processes. Subspecialties of electronics include computer engineering, microwave engineering, communications, and digital signal processing. It is the engineering specialty that has grown the most in recent decades.

Industrial engineering,. or management engineering, is concerned with efficient production. The industrial engineer designs methods, not machinery. Jobs include plant layout, analysis and planning of workers' jobs, economical handling of raw materials, their flow through the production process, and the efficient control of the inventory of finished products.

Mechanical engineering. is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move. One common way of dividing mechanical engineering is into heat utilization and machine design. The generation, distribution, and use of heat is applied in boilers, heat engines, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Machine design is concerned with hardware, including that making use of heat processes.

Aeronautical engineering is applied in the designing of aircraft and missiles and in directing the technical phases of their manufacture and operation. Mineral engineering includes mining, metallurgical, and petroleum engineering, which are concerned with extracting minerals from the ground and converting them to pure forms. Other important branches of engineering are agricultural engineering, engineering physics, geological engineering, naval architecture and marine engineering, and nuclear engineering.

Also other engineering types as follow:

Agriculture Engineering:Agricultural engineering involves the application of engineering principles,machines,materials and energy to the production and processing of agricultural products.

Biomedical Engineering:Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field.

Environmental Engineering:Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment to provide healthy water,air and land for human habitation and for other organisms.

The important role among this engineering types belongs to ındustrial engineering.Industrial Engineering include most of the topics in other engineering branches and has the broadest of in all.Without an industrial engineering the production can't be really efficient.Because An ındustrial engineer arrange the environment,workers,businessman,and other engineers in any Project.To minimize cost and also maximize profit is the main subject of the ındustrial engineer.also he increases the efficiency of the Project by thinking all of the factors which may be affect it.then the final situation will became perfect optimal solution to the problems by engaging a ındustrial engineer.
www.engineeringfullyloaded.org.au/as_a_career/types_of_engineering
www.engr.uiuc.edu/outreach/Ingenious/index.php?id=types

D)What engineers do?

Engineers are problem solvers. They are concerned with using available technology to solve these problems. They rely strongly on their creativity and academic skills. They use mathematics, science, and computers to model real life situations and solve problems. Some engineers may design cardiac pacemakers while others may design skyscrapers or computer programs, but they might all be using the same computing environments and mathematical methods! It is very important to note that even though the tasks are very different, many of the methods used are common to all engineers.

In most projects, engineers work in teams. Many are as small as only two or three people. However, in a big company that designs computer chips or aircraft, such a team could have hundreds of people working on a single problem. Teams usually include people who aren't engineers, like scientists and technicians. Engineers are responsible for communicating, understanding, planning, creating, and testing. The leader of an engineering team has to make sure that all of these things are done right.

YASİN KARABACAK
ID:1498815

about henry ford

2008-03-21T15:35:00.000-07:00

Henry Ford: A Life In Brief

Henry Ford grew up on a small farm near Dearborn, Michigan.
As Henry grew up, he spent most of his free time tinkering,
and finding out exactly how things work. A pastime that
developed thinking and logic abilities. But being a
farmer's boy, he had little spare time, for there were
always chores to be done. By twelve years of age, Henry was
doing a man's work on the farm and had begun repairing
machinery for neighbouring farmers. His father pleased when
Henry would repair a harness, reset a tool handle, or make
some hinges for furniture but he was not pleased however,
when his son repaired things for neighbours, as he often
did, without charging them a cent. It was one day when
Henry saw a steam engine powering a farming machine that he
dreamed that one day he would build a smaller engine that
would power a vehicle and do the job that horse's once did.

Shortly after Henry turned thirteen, his mother died. Henry
became very discontent with living on the farm but he
stayed for another three years. When he was sixteen he
finished his studies at the district school. Against his
father's will, Henry moved to Detroit, ten miles away.

In Detroit, Henry worked eleven hours a day at James Flower
& Brothers' Machine Shop for only $2.50 a week. As this was
not enough to pay for board and room, Henry got an evening
job at Magill's Jewelry Shop for $2 each week, at first
only cleaning and winding the shop's large stock of clocks.
Soon though, he was repairing them also.

After three years in Detroit, and ceaseless persuasion from
his father, Henry moved back to the farm at the age of
nineteen. Farm work was no more appealing than before.
Henry did enjoy the birds and the wildlife in the country,
and he liked operating and repairing a steam threshing
machine so he stayed. At a dance on New Year's Eve in 1885,
Henry met a dark-haired young woman, Clara Bryant, who
lived only a few miles away. In 1888 Henry and Clara were
married. As a gift, Mr. Ford gave Henry and his bride forty
acres of wooded land. Henry built a small cottage and they
lived off the land. Henry's father thought Henry was
content and had settled down for life, but this was not to
be so. All of Henry's spare time was still spent on
engines. Three years after their marriage, Henry saw an
internal-combustion gas engine in Detroit. He decided that
this is the engine that he would have to use on his car. He
had to move back to Detroit.

For two years Henry worked nights as a steam engineer for
the Edison Illuminating Company. He worked every night from
6 P.M. to 6 A.M. and earned $45 a month. After working
hours he experimented on his gas engine. His wages barely
paid for living expenses and for tools and materials for
his tinkering. But his wife was cooperative and did not
complain but rather, encouraged him.

In November, 1983, a son was born to Henry and Clara, they
named him Edsel. A few weeks later, just before Christmas,
Henry had completed his engine. A successful testing of the
engine excited Henry and he decided to build one with two
cylinders. Slightly over two and a half years later, Henry
had built his first horseless carriage with four bicycle
wheels and seat. His contraption would not fit out of the
workshop so he simply knocked out a portion of the wall.
The car tested successfully, but was very impractical as
someone on a bicycle had to ride ahead to warn the people
with horses as the car startled them.

Henry quit his very promising job at the Edison
Illuminating Company on August 15, 1989. He was to head the
new Detroit Automobile Company. Instead of producing any
cars though, Henry spent the money on improving his design.
The experimental models that he produced cost a great deal
of money and a little more than a year later, the Detroit
Automobile Company had failed. To gain supporters, Henry
built a racing car. If he could win a race, he could get
backers and form his own company. Henry did successfully
win a race in October, 1901 and acquiring backers became no
longer a problem.

On November, 1901, the Henry Ford Company was formed. This
company fared no better than the previous. Ford still
wanted to build a low-priced car that ordinary people could
afford to buy and drive. Ford would not sacrifice his
standards for the profit. (Much unlike his portrayal in
Brave New World). Finally in June, 1903, a third company,
the Ford Motor Company, was incorporated.

Ford continued working on his "cheap" design. It was ready
shortly after the new company's formation and orders came
in faster than they could be filled. Ford, Charles Sorensen
and a small group of dedicated engineers began working on a
"universal car." By October, 1908, the Model-T had been
constructed. Again orders began coming in faster than they
could be filled. This presented Ford with his next
challenge, to increase the production rate of the
automobiles. Sorensen and Ford finally came up with the
assembly line idea. Rather than having the men go to the
work, the work would come to the man, brought along on
pulleys and chains overhead.

One problem bothered Ford increasingly, however. Assembly-
line work was monotonous and uninteresting. The Ford
factory had a great turnover of employees, and too much
time was wasted in training new men. The men were currently
only being paid the minimum wage of $2 a day. Ford decided
(much to his colleagues' displeasure and protest) that the
men would be paid $5 and that the work day would be
shortened to that of an eight-hour day. Some people praised
him as a great humanitarian. Others denounced Ford as a
madman, a crackpot, and a villain. One may have considered
Ford unjust in making his men work on the assembly line,
this is not so. Ford had more than doubled the wages of his
men, shortened their work day, and thereby tried to give
the employees a share of the profits.

Ford eventually resigned as president of his company and
gave control to Edsel. Conflicts rose between Edsel and
Henry. All his life, Ford had been in charge, calling the
shots. Now, even though Edsel was President in name, none
of the decisions went without Henry's approval. Edsel had
wanted to produce a new model for several years, and
finally Henry consented. In December, 1927, the Model A was
unveiled to the public. Sales soared. This was last real
success that Henry Ford saw in his company. The great
depression was coming, sales dropped, and labour unions
formed. Originally Ford had "factory police" to monitor the
men and keep away people related to union, but on June 18,
1941, the men went on strike and Henry was handed a union
contract. It spelled out the terms on which his men would
work, and even set the speed of the assembly line. Ford
refused to sign. Only after his wife threatened to leave
him, did Henry sign. He did not just sign, he gave them
better terms. Henry felt a need to dictate. He had always
been in control, and this was time was no exception. War
broke out in December, 1941. Ford's factories were
converted to plants that constructed war machines. Even in
this time, Ford kept his love for nature and the old times.
Henry constructed a museum. He even had his father's old
farmhouse rebuilt.

It was in 1942 that his son Edsel died of cancer. The shock
nearly killed old Henry, but rather than give up his hold
on the Ford Motor Company, he made himself President once
more. He was old now, and in 1945 he relinquished all
responsibility to Edsel's son, Harry II. The Ford Company
took on new life under young Henry, but Ford was not around
to see it. In 1947 Henry Ford fell ill and took to his bed.
On April 27, alone with his wife and one servant, Henry
died at age eighty-four.

After his death, a foundation was formed to administer his
vast fortune. The foundation gave substantial support to
various projects in the arts, in medicine and in other
important areas of American life. Ford was a great man who
revolutionized our world. Ford put the world on wheels, and
in so doing, he made it a smaller world.

Bibliography

Montgomery, E. Henry Ford: Automotive Pioneer. Illinois:
Garrard

Publishing Company, 1979

Paradis, A. Henry Ford. New York: Putnam's Sons, 1968

'poster display'project design concept

2008-03-18T12:53:00.000-07:00

In this project, our aim is to design a poster display, which should have the following features:
• From recycled and eco-friendly materials
• Lightweight
• Strong
• Functional
• Ergonomic
• Storable/ demountable
• Portable
• Robust
• Aesthetic
• Easy poster-placement and removing
In order to combine all these properties in one product we conducted a broad research on eco-friendly and recycled materials. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) was the material, which was not only eco-friendly, but also very useful in producing a lightweight and strong product. It is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. In terms of revenue generated, it is one of the most valuable products of the chemical industry. Around the world, over 50% of PVC manufactured is used in construction. As an industrial material, PVC is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble. In recent years, PVC has been replacing traditional building materials such as wood, concrete, clay, and aluminium in many areas. PVC has some negative effects on the nature, if it was dropped to the environment. But now, plastic materials are not dropped to the waste, instead, they can be recycled by newly-developed process.
Polyvinyl chloride is used in a variety of applications. As a hard plastic, it is used as vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, gramophone records (which is the source of the term vinyl records), pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures. The material is often used in Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems for pipelines in the water and sewer industries because of its inexpensive nature and flexibility. PVC pipe plumbing is typically white, as opposed to ABS, which is commonly available in grey and black, as well as white.It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely-used being phthalates. In this form, it is used in clothing and upholstery, and to make flexible hoses and tubing, flooring, to roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation.

After considering the information above, we decided to use PVC.

Information about the components of the poster display:

The cadkey drawing of the poster display as following:

The poster display which we designed consists of 6 main parts: feet, body, legs, display drawer, transparent cover and turning bars.
1) Feet: As it is the case for the whole body, feet are also made of PVC. They provide the static balance of the poster display. The modular structure of the poster display starts with the feet. Legs are montaged to the feet by the holes in the middle of each feet. Both feet have following dimensions: 60cm x 5cm x 1cm.

2) Legs: A leg is one of the most important components of the poster display. A leg has two main functions. It provides the static balanca of the display by holding the main body. A leg has following dimensions: 200cm x 2cm x 2cm. There is a hole in each leg at the level of 160cm above the floor. These holes are used to connect the legs to main body.

3) Turning Bars: there are two turning bars in each poster display. These 3cm bars enter the holes in legs and in the body. After the assembly during the production, these bars will remain constant and will not move during the rotation of the body.

4) Body: body can be thought of as a one piece frame. It holds the display drawer, trasnparent cover and the poster being displayed. It is connected to legs by the turning bars. It can rotate around the turning bars.

5) Display Drawer: It is placed in the body frame. Display drawer helps changing the poster. It can easily be removed by pulling upwards.

6) Transparent cover: Its function is to protect the poster and make it visible. It is the only component that will not be made of PVC. It will be made of glass.
The other views of the poster display as follow:

Who want to see 3d of the poster display and more details about it, can be download keycreator file of the our poster display from following link..

download link:
http://rapidshare.de/files/38866062/ie102_poster_display_3d-group23.ckd.html

group 23:

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